indelible
adj : cannot be removed, washed away

Manifestation

man·i·fes·ta·tion n
1. an act of showing or demonstrating something
2. the state or condition of being shown or perceptible
3. an indication that something is present, real, or exists
4. a public demonstration, usually over a political issue
5. a supposed appearance in visible form by a spiritual being
6. a visible form in which a divine being, idea, or person is believed to be revealed or expressed

 

pig·men·ta·tion   
n.
1. Coloration of (skin) tissues by pigment.

 

in·trin·sic   
adj.
1. Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.


nex·us   
n. pl. nexus or nex·us·es
1. A means of connection; a link or tie: “this nexus between New York's... real-estate investors and its... politicians” (Wall Street Journal).
2. A connected series or group.
3. The core or center: “The real nexus of the money culture [was] Wall Street” (Bill Barol).

 

invidious
adj : containing or implying a slight or showing prejudice; "discriminatory attitudes and practices"; "invidious comparisons" [syn: discriminatory]

he·gem·o·ny   
n. pl. he·gem·o·nies
The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others.

 

ex·cep·tion·al·ism   
n.
1. The condition of being exceptional or unique.
2. The theory or belief that something, especially a nation, does not conform to a pattern or norm.

as·cen·dant also as·cen·dent  
adj.
1 . Dominant in position or influence

an·tip·a·thy (non)
Pronunciation:
\an-?ti-p?-the¯\
1: opposition in feeling 2: settled aversion or dislike : distaste

su·per·sede   
tr.v. su·per·sed·ed, su·per·sed·ing, su·per·sedes
1. To take the place of; replace.
2. To cause to be set aside, especially to displace as inferior or antiquated. See Synonyms at replace.

geno·cide
Pronunciation:
\?je-n?-?si¯d\
noun
: the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
— geno·cid·al adjective


eu·gen·ics noun
\yü-?je-niks\
: a science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race or breed

en·dem·ic   
adj.
1. Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region, or people: diseases endemic to the tropics. See Synonyms at native.
2. Ecology. Native to or confined to a certain region.

ab·solve

vt

1. to state publicly or officially that somebody is not guilty and not to be held responsible

2. to release somebody from an obligation or requirement

3. to forgive somebody’s sins, especially formally in a Christian church service or sacrament

doc·trine

n

1. a rule or principle that forms the basis of a belief, theory, or policy

2. a body of ideas, particularly in religion, taught to people as truthful or correct

3. something taught to people (archaic)

guild also gild   
n.
1.
a. An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards.
b. A similar association, as of merchants or artisans, in medieval times.

 

putatively.

pu·ta·tive   
adj.
Generally regarded as such; supposed. See Synonyms at supposed.

 

po·grom   
n.
An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group, especially one conducted against Jews.

her·e·sy   
n. pl. her·e·sies
1.
a. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member.
b. Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine.
2.
a. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science.
b. Adherence to such controversial or unorthodox opinion.

 

dy·nas·ty  
n. pl. dy·nas·ties
1. A succession of rulers from the same family or line.
2. A family or group that maintains power for several generations: a political dynasty controlling the state.

 

au·ton·o·my   
n. pl. au·ton·o·mies
1. The condition or quality of being autonomous; independence.
2.
a. Self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination.
b. Self-government with respect to local or internal affairs: granted autonomy to a national minority.
3. A self-governing state, community, or group.

 

frac·tious  
adj.
1. Inclined to make trouble; unruly.
2. Having a peevish nature; cranky.

 

bourgeoisie
n : the social class between the lower and upper classes [syn: middle class]

fruition
n : something that is realized; "the victory was the realization of a whole year's work" [syn: realization, realisation]

an·te·ce·dent  
n. One that precedes another.

as·cen·dant also as·cen·dent   
adj.

1. The position or state of being dominant or in control

 

sanctified
adj.

given reverence and respect, or the like, to;

ec·u·men·i·cal   
adj.

a. Of or relating to the worldwide Christian church.
b. Concerned with establishing or promoting unity among churches or religions.

me·ni·al   
adj.
1. Of or relating to work or a job regarded as servile.
2. Of, relating to, or appropriate for a servant.

 

ac·cord   
1 . To grant, especially as being due or appropriate: accorded the President the proper deference.


re·course
n

1. a turning to another for assistance

2. somebody, something, or a course of action to which a person turns for help or to solve a problem

ex·pa·tri·ate   
v. ex·pa·tri·at·ed, ex·pa·tri·at·ing, ex·pa·tri·ates
v. tr.
1. To send into exile. See Synonyms at banish

 

affiliation

1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society.

 

doctrinal
\Doc"tri*nal\, n. A matter of doctrine; also, a system of doctrines.

doc·trine   
n.
1. A principle or body of principles presented for acceptance or belief, as by a religious, political, scientific, or philosophic group; dogma.

salience
\Sa"li*ence\, n. [See Salient.] 1. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. --Sir W. Hamilton.

mes·ti·zo   
n. pl. mes·ti·zos or mes·ti·zoes
A person of mixed racial ancestry, especially of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

 

pi·e·ty   
n. pl. pi·e·ties
1. The state or quality of being pious, especially:
a. Religious devotion and reverence to God.
b. Devotion and reverence to parents and family

 

Iberian Peninsula also I·be·ri·a   
A peninsula of southwest Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees and from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar.

se·gue   
n.
An act or instance of make a transition directly from one state, condition, situation, or element to another:

 

id·i·om   
n.
1. A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements, as in keep tabs on.
2. The specific grammatical, syntactic, and structural character of a given language.
3. Regional speech or dialect.
4.
a. A specialized vocabulary used by a group of people; jargon: legal idiom.
b. A style or manner of expression peculiar to a given people: “Also important is the uneasiness I've always felt at cutting myself off from my idiom, the American habits of speech and jest and reaction, all of them entirely different from the local variety” (S.J. Perelman).
5. A style of artistic expression characteristic of a particular individual, school, period, or medium: the idiom of the French impressionists; the punk rock idiom.

 

propensity
n 1: an inclination to do something; "he felt leanings toward frivolity" [syn: leaning, tendency]

 

per se  
adv.
Of, in, or by itself or oneself; intrinsically.

in·cor·po·rate
1Combined into one united body; merged.

 

Rhine·land    ( P )  Pronunciation Key  (rnlnd, -lnd)
A region along the Rhine River in western Germany. It includes noted vineyards and highly industrial sections north of Bonn and Cologne.

 

Moor    ( P )  Pronunciation Key  (mr)
n.
1. A member of a Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent, now living chiefly in northwest Africa.
2. One of the Muslims who invaded Spain in the 8th century and established a civilization in Andalusia that lasted until the late 15th century.

 

pre·cede    ( P )  Pronunciation Key  (pr-sd)
v. pre·ced·ed, pre·ced·ing, pre·cedes
v. tr.
1. To come, exist, or occur before in time.

stratify (strat·i·fy) verb

1. to form something into a layer or layers, or become formed into a layer or layers
2. to form or be formed into castes, classes, or other groups based on status

Stra·tum noun (PLURAL: STRATA)

1. any one of several parallel layers or levels of something within an ordered system
2. a social class or level of society consisting of people of similar cultural, economic, or educational status

 

realm noun

1. a country or territory ruled by a monarch or other leader

 

par·a·ble noun

1. a short simple story intended to illustrate a moral or religious lesson

 

em·po·ri·um noun (PLURAL: Emporia)

a marketplace or center of trade

pur·vey·or noun

1. somebody who supplies, deals in, or circulates anything

au·ton·o·mous adjective

1. politically independent and self-governing

re·cal·ci·trant adjective

1. stubbornly resisting the authority or control of another

2. difficult to deal with or operate

stat·ic adjective

1. not moving or changing, or fixed in position

dy·nam·ic adjective

used to describe any system that changes over time

cos·mo·pol·i·tan adj

1. familiar with many different countries and cultures

2. free from national prejudices

a·nach·ro·nism n

1. something from a different period of time, for example, a modern idea or invention wrongly placed in a historical setting in fiction or drama

2. a person, thing, idea, or custom that seems to belong to a different time in history

im·passe n

im·passe n
1. a point at which no further progress can be made or agreement reached
2. a road or passage that has no way out or through, for example, a dead end or a blockage caused by an accident

 

Xenophobic (adj)

xen·o·pho·bi·a n
an intense fear or dislike of foreign people, their customs and culture, or foreign things

1. a point at which no further progress can be made or agreement reached

prom·ul·gate verb transitive (formal)

1. to proclaim or declare something officially, especially to publicize formally that a law or decree is in effect

pre·cip·i·tate verb transitivet

1. to make something happen suddenly and quickly

prin·ci·pal·i·ty n

1. a territory ruled by a prince or princess

Pale verb

1. to become less important

lais·sez-faire or lais·ser-faire n 1. the principle that the economy works best if private industry is not regulated and markets are free; in theory, this principle opposes tariffs on imports that would raise the cost of imported goods in order to protect domestic manufacturing

gen·o·cide n

1. the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do this

diverse ecological zones

By this phrase, the textbook means distinct geographical areas that by virtue of their location, topography, and climate constitute regions that have differing ecologies with different plants and animals; California, for example, has a different ecology than upstate New York.

 

Extrapolated
v. ex·trap·o·lat·ed; to infer or estimate by extending or projecting known information.

Temper

tem·pered, tem·per·ing, tem·pers
v. tr.
To modify by the addition of a moderating element;


Beholden be·hold·en adj: under an obligation to somebody because of something helpful that person has done